How are humans exposed to Daidzein?

Ingestion is the source of human exposure to daidzein. Exposure occurs principally through food, infant formulas, and/or dietary supplements made with soybeans and soy protein, but not soy oils. All soybean foods and proteins currently available for human consumption contain significant amounts of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, either as the aglycone (unconjugated form) or as different types of glycoside conjugates.

1. Through Food

Leguminous plant foods contain daidzein. Soybeans, a cholesterol-free, high protein legume, contain the most daidzein. Daidzein can be found in many food products containing soy such as soy-based infant formulas, tofu, soymilk, soy flour, textured soy protein, soy protein isolates, tempeh, and miso, as well as over-the-counter dietary supplements. Often, soy flour is used for fortification of other flours, including wheat, rice, and corn. The daidzein content of these products is quite variable. Soy flour contains 53% soy protein. Textured Soy Protein (TSP), a meat substitute made from defatted soy found in hamburgers, sausages, hot dogs, meatballs, meat loafs, can contain 50% to 70% soy protein, depending on the starting soy material used. Soy Protein Isolates (SPI), used in the preparation of specialty nutrition foods such as infant formulas, sports drinks, bodybuilding beverages, energy bars, and special diets for the very sick, contain 90% soy protein. Soy oil and soy sauce contain little to zero daidzein.

 

Daidzein and daidzin are also found in Radix puerariae (RP), an herbal medicine prepared from the root of the legume Pueraria labata (also known as kudzu). RP has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of disorders, including alcoholdependency in people who abuse alcohol. It is thought that the “anti-drinking” effect of RP is due to daidzein and daidzin.

2. Through Infant Formulas

Soy-based infant formulas have been commercially available since the mid 1960s. The formulas are made from soy protein isolate and contain significant amounts of soy isoflavones. In 1997, the total isoflavone content of soy-based infant formulas commercially available in the US ranged from 32-47 mg/liter.

Infants are able to absorb isoflavones, and infants fed soy formula were demonstrated to have plasma isoflavone blood levels exceeding those of Japanese adults several-fold . Soy-based infant formula can result in plasma concentrations of isoflavones in infants that are 13,000 - 22,000 times higher than endogenous estrogen concentrations in infants.

3. Through Dietary Supplements

Dietary supplements containing daidzein are available in the US without a prescription. These products are not standardized, and the amounts of soy isoflavones they provide may vary considerably. For example, in an analysis of soy supplements purchased at a local health food store containing daidzein, the daidzein content measured was 8.9 mg/tablet; the value represented 84% of the daidzein level listed on the product label. Daidzein is mainly present in the form of its beta-glucoside, daidzin in supplements. A standard soy isoflavone supplement is usually comprised of approximately 38% daidzin, 50% genistin, and 12% glycitin. A typical daily dose (50 mg) of soy isoflavone supplement delivers approximately 19 mg of daidzin, 25 mg of genistin and about 6 mg of Total Isoflavone, Daidzein and Genistein Aglycone Content of Selected Soy-based Infant Formulas

4. Through Water

Not a significant route of exposure. Daidzein is a solid substance that is practically insoluble in water.

There also some other sources of human exposure to daidzein, such as Inhalation, Intravenous, Skin Absorption, but they are not a significant route of exposure.

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