Lung nilfisk "resveratrol research project" obtains the United States Patent

Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol, the CAS NO is 501-36-0 and a phytoalexin produced naturally by several plants – especially the roots of the Japanese Knotweed, from which it is extracted commercially – when under attack by pathogens such as bacteria or fungi.

The effects of resveratrol are currently a topic of numerous animal and human studies. Its effects on the lifespan of many model organisms remain controversial, with uncertain effects in fruit flies, nematode worms, and short-lived fish. In mouse and rat experiments, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, blood sugar-lowering and other beneficial cardiovascular effects of resveratrol have been reported. In this article, we will talk about the use of resveratrol on Life extension.

Recently, a research by Tsinghua University, lung nilfisk combined, named "resveratrol phosphatide compound nanometer emulsion projects" obtained the authorization of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (Patent No. US008465757B2).

It is reported, the patent complex synthesis of resveratrol and phospholipid, forming a unique distribution, the distribution system to form an emulsion particle size of less than 200 nm through high-pressure homogenizer or micro jet homogenizer. The advantage of the nanoemulsion is miscible with water in any ratio, and has good stability and bioavailability. The technology has been used for its elegant bright Platinum Series anti-aging skin care products.

Resveratrol is a famous SIRT1 protein activator, it was found in grape wine on 1940 for the first time, it was also found to contain resveratrol, after a study confirmed it as the main components of red wine health effect. In medicine, health food field, resveratrol has been widely used in anticancer, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and weight reduction. The United States of America "anti-aging" has columned it to 100 one of the most 100 effective anti-aging substances.

Resveratrol used in cosmetics, can regulate energy metabolism through the activation of SIRT1 protein, the level of oxygen free radical, improve the genome stability, prolong the cell and the organism's own life, so as to achieve anti-aging effects; resveratrol can down-regulate the expression of MCR1, decreased KIT, TYR, SLC45A2, MREG gene expression in a variety of signaling pathways inhibition of tyrosinase activity, blocking the formation and transport of melanin, brighten complexion. The performance and application of the College of life science, its joint Tsinghua University resveratrol were studied, the breakthrough to the application of nanometer lipid transfer technology, solves the resveratrol in water and lipid solubility of low, not easy to add into the formula and the skin transmission poor shortcomings, improve the solubility of resveratrol, transdermal absorption utilization rate and biological properties.

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Bactericidal effect of Ethyl Alcohol

Ethyl Alcohol, also known as alcohol, ethanol, molecular formula is CH3CH2OH, relative molecular mass 46.07. A colorless transparent liquid, volatile, with spicy, easy burning, boiling point is 78.5 ℃, the flash point is 11.7 ℃, Ethyl Alcohol can mix with water in any ratio. Commercially available medical alcohol volume fraction is generally not less than 94.58%. CAS NO is 64-17-5.

Ethyl Alcohol is in effect disinfectant, its bactericidal effect fast, reliable sterilization effect, no toxicity to human irritation, no damage to the goods, used for skin disinfection, and disinfection of clinical medical devices.

Ethyl Alcohol is a good organic solvent, and has a strong penetration. Some disinfectant is dissolved in Ethyl Alcohol, bactericidal effect can be enhanced. Therefore, Ethyl Alcohol is also often used in the preparation of some compound disinfectant.

By experimental method to determine the molecular structure of Ethyl Alcohol which is exactly a: anhydrous Ethyl Alcohol amount, reaction order with excess sodium metal, measuring the volume of hydrogen gas, then it is converted into standard status. After further calculation, the final results are each friction Ethyl Alcohol can only generate about 0.5 friction hydrogen. Therefore, each in the Ethyl Alcohol molecule, only one hydrogen atom is sodium replacement. Then, in the Ethyl Alcohol molecule atomic arrangement is the only right is in line with the experimental results.

Bactericidal effect

Ethyl Alcohol is the most common, also the most familiar disinfectant, people from childhood vaccination before wipe with alcohol cotton ball for the skin, just know it is for disinfection, and sweet wine is out of the alcohol.

Ethyl Alcohol can disinfect bacterial, following is the mechanism of action:

(1) To make the protein denatured Ethyl Alcohol in the role of bacterial cells first to dehydration, alcohol molecules to enter the chain link protein molecules, denatures proteins precipitate; this effect is stronger in the 70% content.

(2) Damage bacterial cell wall permeability Ethyl Alcohol has a strong role, 60%~85% Ethyl Alcohol more easily penetrate into the bacteria, the bacterial cell destruction and dissolution.

(3) On microbial enzyme system damage by Ethyl Alcohol inhibition of enzyme system, especially dehydrogenase and oxidase, hinder the normal metabolism, inhibit bacterial growth and reproduction.

Ethyl Alcohol, fungi and virus multiplication of bacteria killing effect very good, study shows:

(1) Ethyl Alcohol can quickly kill bacteria propagule, but gram positive bacteria on Ethyl Alcohol resistance of gram negative bacteria is slightly stronger than. 60-75% Ethyl Alcohol, 5min can kill bacteria propagule including Bacillus, Streptococcus pyogenes; for, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, typhoid bacillus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, can kill within 1 minutes.

(2) In higher Ethyl Alcohol volume fraction (> 80%), with the virus is very good (including small RNA virus and hepatitis B virus) virus inactivation effect, generally 3 ~ 10min. Usually, Ethyl Alcohol for lipophilic virus inactivation effect is good, but the poor effect of hydrophilic virus. About 80% of Ethyl Alcohol for fast, efficient virucide, even in presence of organics can be inactivated with hydrophilic virus resistance.

(3) Ethyl Alcohol inhibition and killing effect on fungi. Volume fraction within 70% ~ 90% range fungicidal effect; kill the fungal spores need a longer time, generally 30 ~ 60min.

(4) Ethyl Alcohol can inhibit bacterial spore germination, but can not kill the spores.

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Benefits and Side Effects of Resveratrol

Resveratrol is a member of a group of plant compounds called polyphenols. These compounds are thought to have antioxidant properties, protecting the body against the kind of damage linked to increased risk for conditions such as cancer and heart disease. Resveratrol is found in the skin of red grapes, but other sources include peanuts and berries.

Because resveratrol is thought to have so many health benefits, it's not surprising that a number of manufacturers have tried to capitalize by selling resveratrol supplements. Most resveratrol capsules sold in the U.S. contain extracts from the Japanese and Chinese knotweed plant Polygonum cuspidatum. Other resveratrol supplements are made from red wine or red grape extracts.

1. Benefits of Resveratrol

Resveratrol has gained a lot of attention for its reported antiaging and disease-combating benefits. Early research, mostly done in test tubes and in animals, suggests that resveratrol might help protect the body against a number of diseases, including:

(1)Heart disease: Resveratrol helps reduce inflammation, prevents the oxidation of LDL "bad" cholesterol, and makes it more difficult for platelets to stick together and form the clots that can lead to a heart attack.

(2)Cancer: Resveratrol is thought to limit the spread of cancer cells and trigger the process of cancer cell death (apoptosis).

(3)Alzheimer's disease: Resveratrol may protect nerve cells from damage and the buildup of plaque that can lead to Alzheimer's.

(4)Diabetes: Resveratrol helps prevent insulin resistance, a condition in which the body becomes less sensitive to the effects of the blood sugar-lowering hormone, insulin. Insulin resistance is a precursor to diabetes.

(5)Others: Rodent studies suggest that resveratrol might even help against some of the effects of an unhealthy lifestyle and lead to increased longevity. Resveratrol-treated mice fed a high-calorie diet lived longer than similarly fed mice not given resveratrol. Resveratrol protected mice fed a high-calorie diet from obesity-related health problems by mimicking the effects of caloric restriction.

Resveratrol has also been linked to prevention of age-related problems such as heart disease and insulin resistance. Researchers believe that resveratrol activates the SIRT1 gene, a biological mechanism that seems to protect the body against the harmful effects of obesity and the diseases of aging.

2. Side Effects

Because there have been very few studies conducted on resveratrol in humans, doctors still can't confirm any benefits, and they don't know what effects these supplements might have on people over the long term. So far, studies have not discovered any severe side effects, even when resveratrol is taken in large doses. However, resveratrol supplements might interact with blood thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin and ibuprofen, increasing the risk for bleeding.

Like other supplements, resveratrol isn't regulated by the FDA, so it's difficult for consumers to know exactly what they're getting when they buy a bottle, or whether the product is actually effective. There also isn't any specific dosage recommendation, and dosages can vary from supplement to supplement.

The dosages in most resveratrol supplements are typically far lower than the amounts that have been shown beneficial in research studies. Most supplements contain 250 to 500 milligrams of resveratrol. To get the equivalent dose used in some animal studies, people would have to consume 2 grams of resveratrol (2,000 milligrams) or more a day.

Until more high-quality research is available, experts say they can't recommend resveratrol supplements for antiaging or disease prevention.

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Four things about sodium Sulfate

Sodium Sulfate is a significant chemical which is used widely in industry. There are many stories about sodium Sulfate we should know. In this article, I will show you the story about the finding of sodium sulphat, Properties of Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate, some Sodium Sulfate Facts and Uses of anhydrous Sodium Sulfate. Let’s enjoy our traveling.

1．The finding of sodium Sulfate

Johann R Glauber, a German/Dutch chemist, apparent sodium Sulfate in 1625.Clashing added admixtures, sodium Sulfate was not begin as an absolute admixture, it was able from alkali (sodium chloride) and sulfuric acerbic, from Austrian bounce baptize. It was called sal mirabilis, which agency amazing alkali, by Glauber. It was called so because of its alleviative backdrop. admitting Glauber called it sal mirabilis, it became acclaimed as Glauber's alkali alone.

Beforehand, the crystals of sodium Sulfate were alone acclimated as laxative. about, from 18th aeon advanced, abounding added uses of sodium Sulfate were apparent. humans started application Glauber's alkali for the assembly of soda ash with potash. It angry out to be a success as the appeal for soda ash added.

2. Properties of Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate

Sodium sulfate is in the anatomy of hygroscopic white crumb and has no odor. Here is the Property list about Sodium Sulfate.

(1)The formulat of Sodium Sulfat : Na2SO4

(2)Sodium Sulfate is acrid in baptize but inacrid in booze.

(3)Anhydrous sodium sulfate's baking point is 1100 C, and the melting point is 880-888 C.

(4)Anhydrous sodium Sulfate is abiding beneath accustomed altitude, but at top temperature it is bargain to sodium sulfide.

(5)Specific force: 2.66-2.75.

(6)Sodium sulfate body is 1.464 /g cm3.

(7)Sodium sulfate assumes a monoclinic anatomy at 100oC and aloft 250oC it assumes a hexagonal anatomy. It does not acknowledge with acerbic abettors at accustomed temperature.

3. Sodium Sulfate Facts

Sodium Sulfate is begin in attributes in the anatomy of a mineral, accepted as, thenardite. Sodium sulfate is the sodium alkali of sulfuric acerbic. If it grows in the pores of stones, it can apply burden on the rocks and accomplish the anatomy’s albeit tends to allure adamant admixtures and amoebic admixtures. The assembly of this admixture is 6 able bags, which accomplishes one of the apple's aboveity article chemicals, about it is aswell one of the apple's a lot of damaging alkalis in anatomy attention!

4. Uses of anhydrous Sodium Sulfate

      

Anhydrous sodium Sulfate is mainly acclimated in laundry detergents. In actuality, in 2001, the use of anhydrous sodium Sulfate was 1.6 actor, out of which 80% was acclimated for home laundry detergents, in Europe.

Anadded above use of sodium sulfate in U.S.A, is for manuactualityuring copse lurid, in the Kraft action.

It is aswell acclimated for manuactualityuring bolt. As it helps in abbreviation abrogating accuse on fibers, allowance the dyes to access analogously and appropriately allowance in 'leveling'.

anhydrous sodium Sulfate is acclimated in the bottle industry. Not for bearing bottle, but for removing air bubbles from the aqueous bottle. It aswell prevents algae anatomyation of the bottle as it fluxes the bottle.

The added uses of anhydrous sodium Sulfate cover starch manuactualityure, in carpeting freshmen, in frosting windows, and aswell as an accretion to beasts augment. It is aswell acclimated in the class, as an apathetic dehydration abettor for amoebic solutions. In accession to all these uses, Sodium Sulfate is acclimated in cyberbanking and baptize analysis industry.

It has been apparent that anhydrous sodium can deliquesce accomplished electroplated micrometer gold, which is begin in cyberbanking articles such as connectors, switches and pins.

We ability acquisition anhydrous sodium Sulfate in acquiescent solar calefactioning systems aswell, as it has been proposed for autumn calefaction in the solar calefactioning systems. This was all about anhydrous sodium Sulfate. admitting it is not admired baneful, it is bigger to handle anhydrous sodium Sulfate with affliction.

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Detail information about Ammonium bifluoride

Ammonium bifluoride is not known to bioaccumulate or persist in the environment more than a few days. However it will decompose in moist environments liberating hydrofluoric acid and ammonia.

Ammonium bifluoride is corrosive and can corr ode most metals. It is not flammable or explosive. Ammonium bifluoride will react with water (inc luding perspiration) to form hydrofluoric acid. 

Exposure of ammonium bifluoride to strong acids, strong bases, water or high temperatures can cause decomposition. Decomposition of ammonium bifluoride will result in the liberation of hydrogen fluoride, ammonia and nitrogen oxide gases.

The concentrations of ammonium bifluoride typically found in consumer products may pose risk of symptoms due to skin, ingestion or inhalation exposure. Persons suffering from eye or ingestion exposure to consumer strengt h ammonium bifluoride products may experience symptoms similar to persons exposed to industrial strength ammonium  bifluoride .

Exposures to industrial strength ammonium bifluoride can produce the following adverse health affects:

1. Contact

Skin exposures can cause symptoms  ranging from minor skin irritation to painful redness and swelling.  Severe burns can occur if treatment is delayed after exposure to ammonium bifluoride. Eye expos ure to ammonium bifluoride may result in severe eye irritation, burns or even blindness.

2. Inhalation

The inhalation of ammonium bifluoride can cause symptoms ranging from nose and throat irritation to coughing and difficulty breathing. Aspiration may cause pulmonary edema and pneum onitis (fluid on the lungs and inflammation of the lungs). Repeated or prolonged exposur es may cause sore throat, nosebleeds and chronic bronchitis. Prolonged exposure may cause hypocalcemia with nervous  problems (tetany) and cardiac arrhythmia (reduced calcium levels, spasms and irregular heart beat).

3. Ingestion 

The ingestion of ammonium bifluoride may cause  burns of the mouth and throat and perforation of the esophagus and stomach. N ausea, bloody vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, loss of consciousness, coma and heart failure can also occur.  The ingestion of ammonium bifluoride may be fatal.

4. Other Effects  

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has not determined ammonium bifluoride to be carcinogenic (cancer causing). During most exposures, ammonium bifluoride will dissoc iate to release hydrofluoric acid. First aid techniques for treatment to hydrof luoric acid exposures are unique. They require a rapid response and the use of calcium (most commonly calcium  gluconate solutions or gels) to scavenge and neutralize the fluoride ion.

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Initial Assessment for Human exposure in Vanillin

Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. Its functional groups include aldehyde, ether, and phenol. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin, instead of natural vanilla extract, is sometimes used as a flavoring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals.The cas no is 121-33-5.

Vanillin occurs widely in plants in the nature, usually as a glycoside bound to sugar or as a precursor to vanillin bound to the large lignin molecule abundant in wood. Free vanillin in the environment will be distributed to the aqueous compartment, and there is no tendency to bioaccumulation. The emission of vanillin from the vanillin production and from consumer products to the environment, is not considered to represent any biohazard. In the previous article,we have talked about the question that how does human expoeure in vanillin. This passage,I will give the Initial Assessment.

In the human health risk assessment the consumer exposure (by oral intake) is taken as the ADI value(10.0 mg/kg/day).

Occupational exposure has been identified as inhalation of vanillin dust by operators in the packaging area of the factory. This exposure has been quantified to a maximum of 0.5 mg/kg/day. This level is likely to never be reached since the amount of vanillin in the total dust is estimated to only about 10 %. Additionally, much less than 1 % of the product has a particle size small enough to reach the lungs.

Skin exposure to vanillin has not been quantified, but both consumers and workers will be subject to aminor extent of suchexposure.

1.Assessment from acute and repeated dose toxicity

From the acute toxicity studies, the LD50 value for rats (3500 - 4000 mg/kg) gives a safety margin of 350-400 for consumers, and this is considered satisfactory. From the oral repeated dose toxicity studies a NOEL of 2500 mg/kg/day was observed after oral feeding to rats. This gives a safety margin of 250 for consumers use, and this is considered acceptable.

2.Assessment from reproduction and development studies

The potential toxicity of vanillin to the reproductive system has been studied in several connections. Microscopic and macroscopic histopathological evaluation of reproductive organs were performed in connection with repeated dose studies. In the mouse spot test and in a study to test the possible antimutagenic effect of vanillin, it was given to pregnant mice. The potential teratogenicity of vanillin has

also been tested in the developing chicken embryo test. There has been no sign of vanillin being toxic to the reproduction system, or to the developing embryo in any of these tests. Even though a reproduction/development study carried out according to OECD-guidelines is lacking, the present use and production of vanillin indicate no such risk.

3.Assessment from genotoxicity and cancer studies

The testing of the potential genotoxicity of vanillin is comprehensive. Mutagenicity testing in bacteria was negative. Testing in vitro in mammalian cells gave positive results in tests for sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration in human lymphocytes. These results indicate that vanillin under certain testing conditions might be genotoxic. However, in vivo genotoxicity tests were negative. An overall evaluation of the test results indicate that vanillin is not likely to pose a genetic risk to humans.

The carcinogenicity studies, including a 2 years study in rats, did all give negative results. It is concludedthat the present use and production of vanillin represent little risk for genotoxicity and there are no signs of carcinogenicity.

4.Assessment from skin irritation and sensitisation testing

Skin irritation and sensitisation testing have shown that in some tests vanillin turned out to be a sensitiser and thus a potential allergen. These results are, however, not conclusive and the negative human datasupport the opinion that vanillin is not a human allergen.

Frankie is the freelance writer for e-commerce website in the chemistry. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals. Our guidechem provide the most convenient conditions for the international buyers and let these leads benefit all the business people. Guidechem chemical B2B network provides information on china and global chemical market quotation and relative chemical Information. Guidechem Chemical Network providing the most complete information of the chemical industry.

Human Exposure in vanillin

Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. Its functional groups include aldehyde, ether, and phenol. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin, instead of natural vanilla extract, is sometimes used as a flavoring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals.The cas no is 121-33-5.

Vanillin occurs widely in plants in the nature, usually as a glycoside bound to sugar or as a precursor to vanillin bound to the large lignin molecule abundant in wood. Free vanillin in the environment will be distributed to the aqueous compartment, and there is no tendency to bioaccumulation. The emission of vanillin from the vanillin production and from consumer products to the environment, is not considered to represent any biohazard.In this article,we will talk about the question that how does human expoeure in vanillin.

Firstly,let us talk about the Occupational exposure.

The industrial production of vanillin is a closed process. However, the milling of the dried crystals and the filling of the product into containers generate some dust to which a limited number of workers are exposed. Also some dust formation is expected in the food and beverage industry during addition of vanillin.

A study was carried out in the packaging section at Borregaard EuroVanillin, Norway, to assess the inhalation exposure of the operators to vanillin dust. The work in the packaging section is divided among 12-18 persons, meaning 2-3 persons per shift. On average, these workers are exposed to vanillin for 1 to 1.5 hours per day. For the rest of the day they conduct other operations where they are not exposed to

vanillin. The exposure was measured by a constant flow sampler (2 l air/min) carried by the operator during the exposure period. The total amount of dust collected corresponded to air concentrations of 4.2, 4.3 and 6.0 mg/m3 for the three consecutive days. From microscopic examination of the dust particles, only 10 % of the dust particles were considered to be vanillin.

Occupational exposure to vanillin other than from dust, is of little relevance. For the risk assessment, it is anticipated that occupational exposure is maximum 5 mg/m3. Assuming a person has a respiratory minute volume (RMV) of 20 l and an exposure for 6 hours per day at the limit concentration, will give a daily exposure by inhalation of 36 mg. For a 70 kg person this makes 0.5 mg/kg/day.

Absorption of vanillin by inhalation of dust will also depend on particle size. Sifting analysis of crystalline vanillin revealed that less than 1 % of the particles were smaller than 53 microns. Since only particles smaller than 5 microns are respirable, much less than 1 % of inhaled vanillin can be absorbed. This is valid for vanillin produced from both lignin and guaiacol.

Then,Consumer exposure.

The majority of industrially produced vanillin is ingested in the form of food and beverages. Minoramounts are applied topically as skin care products, perfumes etc. The global use of vanillin in food and beverages imply that almost every human globally is exposed to minute amounts of vanillin by ingestion.The individual doses and exposure can vary due to eating habits and preferences. An AcceptableDaily Intake (ADI) of 10 mg/kg has been agreed between FAO/WHO and EU. For a 70 kg person the ADI is 700 mg vanillin which as an example corresponds to minimum 700 g chocolate, or 7000 g of ice cream. For the risk assessment it is assumed that even persons with a high intake of vanillin containing food and beverages do not have a vanillin intake above the ADI.

Here,During the present reviewing of the available toxicity data for vanillin, no particular risk has been identified which should give reason to concern or additional toxicity testing in animals. The use of vanillin as a food additive is approved by authorities world wide, and FDA has granted GRAS status to its use. This is in agreement with the experience with vanillin in consumer products during many years without any confirmed report of adverse events.

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Tell you something about Ammonium bifluoride

Ammonium bifluoride, we also call it Ammonium difluoride, Ammonium acid fluoride or Ammonium hydrogen difluoride, its CAS NO is 1341-49-7. Ammonium bifluoride (NH 4•HF2) is manufactured and sold in solid form or in aqueous solutions. The solid is a white crystal. The so lutions are clear, colorless liquids that have a slightly sharp, pungent odor. Common industrial solution strength concentrations are between 28 and 30%.

The ammonium bifluoride market in North  America is estimated to be between 7 and 9 million pounds. Solvay Fluorides, LLC’s Mexican affiliate is the only North American producer of solid ABF. Solvay  Fluorides makes an ABF soluti on for sale. Solvay’s North American production facilities for this chemical are located in northern Mexico and in the central United States.

Solvay manufactures solid ammonium bi fluoride by mixing a mmonia and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (liquid) together and then drying to form flakes. Ammonium bifluoride solution is made by dissolving solid ammonium bifluoride in water.

Ammonium bifluoride is used for cleaning and etching of metals before they are further processed. It is used as an oil well acid ifier and in the etching of glass or cleaning of brick and ceramics. It may also be used for pH adjustment in industrial textile processing or laundries. ABF is available as a  solid or liquid solution (in water).Consumer products containing ammonium bifluoride are primarily products for the etching of glass (hobby) or for ce ramic and brick cleaners.

Solvay Fluorides LLC does not sell ammonium bifluoride directly to consumers. Ammonium bifluoride is used in industrial applications and in other processes where workplace exposures can occur.

Ammonium bifluoride is a corrosive chemical and contact can severely irritate and burn the skin and eyes causing possible permanent eye damage. Breathing ammo nium bifluoride can severely irritate and burn the nose, throat, and lungs, causing nosebleeds, cough, wheezing and shortness of breath. On contact with water or moist skin, ABF can release hydrofluoric acid, a very dangerous acid.

Inhalation or ingestion of large amounts  of ammonium bifluoride can cause nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite. Very high or long term exposures can cause fluoride poisoning with stomach pain,  weakness, convulsions and death. Long term or repeated exposures can cause deposits of fluorides in bones and teeth, a condition called Fluorosis. This may cause pain, disability and discoloration of teeth.

These are just basic thing about Ammonium bifluoride, last time, I will give more details. Thank you!!

Frankie is the freelance writer for e-commerce website in the chemistry. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals. Our guidechem provide the most convenient conditions for the international buyers and let these leads benefit all the business people. Guidechem chemical B2B network provides information on china and global chemical market quotation and relative chemical Information. Guidechem Chemical Network providing the most complete information of the chemical industry.

The aquatic effects of vanillin on the Environment

Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. Its functional groups include aldehyde, ether, and phenol. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin, instead of natural vanilla extract, is sometimes used as a flavoring agent in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals.The cas no is 121-33-5.

Vanillin occurs widely in plants in the nature, usually as a glycoside bound to sugar or as a precursor to vanillin bound to the large lignin molecule abundant in wood. Free vanillin in the environment will be distributed to the aqueous compartment, and there is no tendency to bioaccumulation. The emission of vanillin from the vanillin production and from consumer products to the environment, is not considered to represent any biohazard.Now,this article will talk about the aquatic effects of vanillin on the Environment. I just talk about the effects for fish,Daphnia,Algae and Microorganisms.

1.Fish
The acute toxicity of vanillin to fish has been tested in Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas). The following LC50 values were observed for the following observation periods: 1 hr; 173 - 370 mg/l, 24 hr;100 - 131 mg/l, 48 hr; 68.3 - 123 mg/l, 72 hr; 57 - 123 mg/l and 96 hr; 57 - 123 mg/l. It was observed that fish stopped schooling, became hypoactive, swam at the surface and lost equilibrium prior todeath. There are no data available on the chronic toxicity to fish.
2.Daphnia
The acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates has been tested in daphnia. After 24 hours exposure, the EC50 value was reported to be 180 mg/l. A 21 day reproduction study has been performed on daphnia, according to OECD 202 and GLP. After an exposure for 13 days to 100 mg/l, immobilisation occurred in all animals. The EC50 for immobilisation in the period 13 to 21 days exposure was estimated to 75 mg/l. The reproductive function was however more sensitive to vanillin, and after 21 days exposure the EC50 (reproduction) was 16 mg/l (24mg/l), NOEC 5.9 mg/l (10 mg/l) and LOEC 10 mg/l (18 mg/l) (nominal concentrations given in parentheses).
3.Algae
The toxicity of vanillin to algae was tested in a screening study in a variety of species. Only one concentration level (2 mg/l) was used. The green algae Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella variegata showed reduced growth after 3 days but no effect was observed after 7, 14 and 21 days exposure. When the diatoms Gomphonema parvulum and Nitzschia palea were tested for 2 mg/l of vanillin, the former showed no growth after 3 days exposure and reduced growth after 7, 14 and 21 days. The latter was unaffected after 3 days, but showed reduced growth after 7 days, however growth was normalised after 14 and 21 days. No effect was seen with the blue-green algae Cylinderospermum licheniforme and Microcystis aeruginosa. These results could indicate that green algae and diatoms are the most sensitive algae, but since this was a screening test using only one dose level, one should not attach too much importance to this finding. In another report, 50 % growth inhibition of Chlorella vulgaris was observed after 80 hr exposure to 152 mg/l. After 160 hr exposure to this concentration the growth inhibition was 30 %. No effects were observed at 15 mg/l and 1.5 mg/l.
4.Microorganisms
Another study tested the effect of vanillin on bacteria, yeast and blue-green algae in water. The effect of vanillin on anaerobic methane formation from sludge was measured, and 49 hr incubation with a concentration of 1,800 mg/l reduced the methane production with 50%. Photobacterium phosphoreum was however seen to be more sensitive to vanillin, and after 5 minutes incubation, an EC50 value of 58 mg/l was observed. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) showed an EC50 value of 179 mg/l after 210 minutes incubation with vanillin.

To summarise the effects of vanillin to the aquatic environment, fish, bacteria and most algae seems moderately sensitive to vanillin. There are indications that some algae species are more sensitive to vanillin, and the reproductive function of daphnia was shown to be sensitive. A PNECaquatic based on the NOEC value (5.9 mg/l) found in the Daphnia reproduction test would give a value of 0.059 mg/l (onlyone long term NOEC, application factor=100). A PNEC value based on most sensitive EC50/LC50 value (LC50 fish = 57 mg/l) and an application factor of 1000 give a PNECaquatic of 0.057 mg/l. Photobacterium phosphorum being the most sensitive organism and using an application factor of 10 gives a PNECSTP of 5.8 mg/l.


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What should we do before using Paclitaxel？

Paclitaxel is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. It was discovered in a US National Cancer Institute program at the Research Triangle Institute in 1967 when Monroe E. Wall and Mansukh C. Wani isolated it from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia and named it taxol. Later it was discovered that endophytic fungi in the bark synthesize paclitaxel.

While offering substantial improvement in patient care, paclitaxel has been a relatively controversial drug. There was originally concern because of the environmental impact of its original sourcing (no longer used) from the Pacific yew. In addition, the assignment of rights to Bristol-Myers Squibb, and even the name itself, were the subject of public debate and Congressional hearings. So before using Paclitaxel, you should know some warnings about it, in this article, I will give you some warnings.

1. Before using paclitaxel, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients (such as polyoxyethylated castor oil), which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details. This medication should not be used if you have certain medical conditions. Before using this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have: a very low white blood cell count.

2. Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: blood disorders, decreased bone marrow function, current infections, heart problems (e.g., fast/slow/irregular heartbeat), high or low blood pressure, liver disease. This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness until you are sure you can perform such activities safely. Limit alcoholic beverages.

3. Do not have immunizations/vaccinations without the consent of your doctor, and avoid contact with people who have recently received polio vaccine by mouth or flu vaccine inhaled through the nose. Since this medication can increase your risk of developing serious infections, wash your hands well to prevent the spread of infections. Avoid contact with people who have illnesses that may spread to others (e.g., flu, chickenpox).

4. To lower the chance of getting cut, bruised, or injured, use caution with sharp objects like safety razors and nail cutters, and avoid activities such as contact sports. Caution is advised when using this drug in children because it contains alcohol. Children may be more sensitive to the side effects of alcohol, especially drowsiness and confusion. Caution is advised when using this drug in the elderly because they may be more sensitive to its side effects, especially the decrease in bone marrow function and numbness/tingling/burning of the hands/feet.

5. Men using this medication should not plan to father a child while receiving treatment. This medication may affect sperm production in men and increase the risk of harm to the unborn baby. Therefore, reliable forms of birth control should be used during treatment and for some time afterwards. Consult your doctor for more details. If your partner becomes pregnant while you are using this medication, tell your doctor immediately.

6. This medication is not recommended for use during pregnancy. It may harm an unborn baby. Consult your doctor for more details and to discuss reliable forms of birth control. It is recommended that men and women use 2 effective forms of birth control (e.g., condoms, birth control pills) while using this medication and for some time afterwards. If you become pregnant or think you may be pregnant, tell your doctor immediately. It is not known if this drug passes into breast milk. Because of the possible risk to the infant, breast-feeding while using this drug is not recommended. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Paclitaxel is a controversial drug, use it in the right way, we may be benefit from it, but if in the wrong way, we may hurt badly. So, be careful, please!

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Many uses of Sodium carbonate, you may have never heard

Sodium carbonate, the common names are soda, soda ash and washing soda. Life often also referred to as "base." The chemical formula is Na2CO3, under ordinary circumstances as a white powder, it is a strong electrolyte. Density of Sodium carbonate is 2.532g/cm ³, melting point is 851 ° C, and the CAS NO is 497-19-8. It is soluble in water, with salt continuity.

Sodium carbonate is used in every corner of our daily life, but I’m sure there are many other usages you have never heard. Here we are talking about them.

The manufacture of glass is one of the most important uses of sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonate acts as a flux for silica, lowering the melting point of the mixture to something achievable without special materials. This "soda glass" is mildly water soluble, so some calcium carbonate is added to the pre-melt mixture to make the glass produced insoluble. This type of glass is known as soda lime glass: "soda" for the sodium carbonate and "lime" for the calcium carbonate. Soda lime glass has been the most common form of glass for centuries.

Sodium carbonate is also used as a relatively strong base in various settings. For example, sodium carbonate is used as a pH regulator to maintain stable alkaline conditions necessary for the action of the majority of photographic film developing agents.It is a common additive in municipal pools used to neutralize the corrosive effects of chlorine and raise pH.

In cooking, it is sometimes used in place of sodium hydroxide for lyeing, especially with German pretzels and lye rolls. These dishes are treated with a solution of an alkaline substance to change the pH of the surface of the food and improve browning.

In taxidermy, sodium carbonate added to boiling water will remove flesh from the skull or bones of trophies to create the "European skull mount" or for educational display in biological and historical studies.

In chemistry, it is often used as an electrolyte. This is because electrolytes are usually salt-based, and sodium carbonate acts as a very good conductor in the process of electrolysis. In addition, unlike chloride ions, which form chlorine gas, carbonate ions are not corrosive to the anodes. It is also used as a primary standard for acid-base titrations because it is solid and air-stable, making it easy to weigh accurately.

Sodium carbonate is a food additive (E500) used as an acidity regulator, anti-caking agent, raising agent, and stabilizer. It is one of the components of kansui, a solution of alkaline salts used to give ramen noodles their characteristic flavor and texture. It is also used in the production of snus (Swedish-style snuff) to stabilize the pH of the final product. In Sweden, snus is regulated as a food product because it is put into the mouth, requires pasteurization, and contains only ingredients that are approved as food additives.Sodium carbonate is also used in the production of sherbet powder. The cooling and fizzing sensation results from the endothermic reaction between sodium carbonate and a weak acid, commonly citric acid, releasing carbon dioxide gas, which occurs when the sherbet is moistened by saliva.

In China, it is used to replace lye-water in the crust of traditional Cantonese moon cakes, and in many other Chinese steamed buns and noodles.Sodium carbonate is used by the brick industry as a wetting agent to reduce the amount of water needed to extrude the clay.In casting, it is referred to as "bonding agent" and is used to allow wet alginate to adhere to gelled alginate.Sodium carbonate is used in toothpastes, where it acts as a foaming agent and an abrasive, and to temporarily increase mouth pH.

Sodium carbonate, in a solution with common salt, may be used for cleaning silver. In a non-reactive container (glass, plastic or ceramic) aluminium foil and the silver object are immersed in the hot salt solution. The elevated pH dissolves the aluminium oxide layer on the foil and enables an electrolytic cell to be established. Hydrogen ions produced by this reaction reduce the sulphide ions on the silver restoring silver metal. The sulphide can be released as small amounts of hydrogen sulphide. Rinsing and gently polishing the silver restores a highly polished condition.

Sodium carbonate is so important for our life, these are not all the usages of it, but I hope you can learn some knowledge about Sodium carbonate further by this shot paragraph.

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Before Potassium carbonate poisoning

Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is a white salt, soluble in water, which forms a strongly alkaline solution. It can be made as the product of potassium hydroxide's absorbent reaction with carbon dioxide. It is deliquescent, often appearing a damp or wet solid. Potassium carbonate is used in the production of soap and glass. The CAS NO is 584-08-7.

This article discusses poisoning from swallowing or breathing in potassium carbonate. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. If you have an exposure, you should call your local emergency number (such as 911) or a local poison control center.

Firstly, talking about where can we find Potassium carbonate? It is usually contained in Glass, some dishwasher soaps, some forms of potash, some home permanent-wave solutions, soft soaps and so on. But this list may not be all inclusive; you must find it in any other products.

Then, we should know the common symptoms of Potassium carbonate poisoning, the people who is poisoning may performance for Abdominal pain – severe, Blood pressure rapidly drops, Breathing difficulties due to swelling of the throat Collapse, Diarrhea ,Mouth pain – severe and Throat pain – severe.

Now, let me tell you how to deal with the Potassium carbonate poisoning.

What the most important thing is home care when someone has the symptoms of Potassium carbonate poisoning. Here are the suggestions about hone care: Seek immediate medical help. DO NOT make a person throw up unless told to do so by Poison Control or a health care professional. If the chemical is on the skin or in the eyes, flush with lots of water for at least 15 minutes. If the chemical was swallowed, immediately give the person water or milk, unless instructed otherwise by a health care provider. DO NOT give water or milk if the patient is having symptoms (such as vomiting, convulsions, or a decreased level of alertness) that make it hard to swallow.

Before calling emergency you should determine following information:

• The patient's age, weight, and condition
• The name of the product (ingredients and strengths if known)
• The time it was swallowed
• The amount swallowed

In the United States, call 1-800-222-1222 to speak with a local poison control center. This hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions. This is a free and confidential service. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

The health care provider will measure and monitor the patient's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Symptoms will be treated as appropriate. The patient may receive: Fluids by IV, Endoscopy -- camera down the throat to see burns in the esophagus and the stomach, Oxygen.

How well a patient does depends on the amount of poison swallowed and how quickly treatment was received. The faster a patient gets medical help, the better the chance for recovery. Damage to the esophagus and stomach continues to occur for several weeks after the poison was swallowed. Death may occur.

Frankie is the freelance writer for e-commerce website in the chemistry. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals. Our guidechem provide the most convenient conditions for the international buyers and let these leads benefit all the business people. Guidechem chemical B2B network provides information on china and global chemical market quotation and relative chemical Information. Guidechem Chemical Network providing the most complete information of the chemical industry.

How are humans exposed to Daidzein?

Ingestion is the source of human exposure to daidzein. Exposure occurs principally through food, infant formulas, and/or dietary supplements made with soybeans and soy protein, but not soy oils. All soybean foods and proteins currently available for human consumption contain significant amounts of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, either as the aglycone (unconjugated form) or as different types of glycoside conjugates.

1. Through Food

Leguminous plant foods contain daidzein. Soybeans, a cholesterol-free, high protein legume, contain the most daidzein. Daidzein can be found in many food products containing soy such as soy-based infant formulas, tofu, soymilk, soy flour, textured soy protein, soy protein isolates, tempeh, and miso, as well as over-the-counter dietary supplements. Often, soy flour is used for fortification of other flours, including wheat, rice, and corn. The daidzein content of these products is quite variable. Soy flour contains 53% soy protein. Textured Soy Protein (TSP), a meat substitute made from defatted soy found in hamburgers, sausages, hot dogs, meatballs, meat loafs, can contain 50% to 70% soy protein, depending on the starting soy material used. Soy Protein Isolates (SPI), used in the preparation of specialty nutrition foods such as infant formulas, sports drinks, bodybuilding beverages, energy bars, and special diets for the very sick, contain 90% soy protein. Soy oil and soy sauce contain little to zero daidzein.

 

Daidzein and daidzin are also found in Radix puerariae (RP), an herbal medicine prepared from the root of the legume Pueraria labata (also known as kudzu). RP has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of disorders, including alcoholdependency in people who abuse alcohol. It is thought that the “anti-drinking” effect of RP is due to daidzein and daidzin.

2. Through Infant Formulas

Soy-based infant formulas have been commercially available since the mid 1960s. The formulas are made from soy protein isolate and contain significant amounts of soy isoflavones. In 1997, the total isoflavone content of soy-based infant formulas commercially available in the US ranged from 32-47 mg/liter.

Infants are able to absorb isoflavones, and infants fed soy formula were demonstrated to have plasma isoflavone blood levels exceeding those of Japanese adults several-fold . Soy-based infant formula can result in plasma concentrations of isoflavones in infants that are 13,000 - 22,000 times higher than endogenous estrogen concentrations in infants.

3. Through Dietary Supplements

Dietary supplements containing daidzein are available in the US without a prescription. These products are not standardized, and the amounts of soy isoflavones they provide may vary considerably. For example, in an analysis of soy supplements purchased at a local health food store containing daidzein, the daidzein content measured was 8.9 mg/tablet; the value represented 84% of the daidzein level listed on the product label. Daidzein is mainly present in the form of its beta-glucoside, daidzin in supplements. A standard soy isoflavone supplement is usually comprised of approximately 38% daidzin, 50% genistin, and 12% glycitin. A typical daily dose (50 mg) of soy isoflavone supplement delivers approximately 19 mg of daidzin, 25 mg of genistin and about 6 mg of Total Isoflavone, Daidzein and Genistein Aglycone Content of Selected Soy-based Infant Formulas

4. Through Water

Not a significant route of exposure. Daidzein is a solid substance that is practically insoluble in water.

There also some other sources of human exposure to daidzein, such as Inhalation, Intravenous, Skin Absorption, but they are not a significant route of exposure.

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What’s Lithium carbonate？

Lithium carbonate is an inorganic compound, the lithium salt of carbonate with the formula Li2CO3. This white salt is widely used in the processing of metal oxides and has received attention for the treatment for manic and bipolar disorder. It exists as the rare mineral zabuyelite. The CAS NO is 554-13-2.

Like related lithium salts, Li2CO3 is an ionic compound. Its solubility in water is low relative to other lithium salts. The isolation of lithium from aqueous extracts of lithium ores capitalizes on this poor solubility. Its apparent solubility increases tenfold under a mild pressure of carbon dioxide; this effect is due to the formation of the metastable bicarbonate.

The extraction of lithium carbonate at high pressures of CO2 and its precipitation upon depressuring is the basis of the Quebec process. Approximately 30,000 tons were produced in 1989. Lithium carbonate, and other carbonates of Group 1 do not decompose readily, unlike other carbonates. Li2CO3 decomposes at temperatures >1300 °C..

Lithium carbonate is an important industrial chemical. It forms low-melting fluxes with silica and other materials. Glasses derived from lithium carbonate are useful in ovenware. Lithium carbonate is a common ingredient in both low-fire and high-fire ceramic glaze. Its alkaline properties are conducive to changing the state of metal oxide colorants in glaze particularly red iron oxide (Fe2O3). Cement sets more rapidly when prepared with lithium carbonate, and is useful for tile adhesives. When added to aluminium trifluoride, it forms LiF which gives a superior electrolyte for the processing of aluminium. Lithium carbonate is an active material of carbon dioxide sensors. It is also used in the manufacture of most lithium-ion battery cathodes, which are made of lithium cobalt oxide.

What the Lithium carbonate uses frequently is Medical use.

In 1843, lithium carbonate was used as a new solvent for stones in the bladder. In 1859, some doctors recommended a therapy with lithium salts for a number of ailments, including gout, urinary calculi, rheumatism, mania, depression, and headache. In 1949, John Cade discovered the anti-manic effects of lithium ions. This finding led lithium, specifically lithium carbonate, to be used to treat mania associated with bipolar disorder.

Lithium carbonate is used to treat mania, the elevated phase of bipolar disorder. Lithium ions interfere with ion transport processes (see “sodium pump”) that relay and amplify messages carried to the cells of the brain. Mania is associated with irregular increases in protein kinase C (PKC) activity within the brain. Lithium carbonate and sodium valproate, another drug traditionally used to treat the disorder, act in the brain by inhibiting PKC’s activity and help to produce other compounds that also inhibit the PKC. Despite these findings, a great deal remains unknown regarding lithium's mood controlling properties.

Some studies have suggested therapeutic benefit of lithium carbonate in certain neuromuscular conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy. A 2010 controlled trial of lithium carbonate in ALS did not confirm earlier suggestions, finding the compound ineffective and possibly toxic in ALS patients.

Frankie is the freelance writer for e-commerce website in the chemistry. Guidechem.com is just a place for you to look for some chemicals. Our guidechem provide the most convenient conditions for the international buyers and let these leads benefit all the business people. Guidechem chemical B2B network provides information on china and global chemical market quotation and relative chemical Information. Guidechem Chemical Network providing the most complete information of the chemical industry.