How to make 5-Hydroxymethylthiazole

5-Hydroxymethylthiazole is a kind of slightly yellow oil liquids, the Molecular Formula is C4H5NOS, Molecular weight is 115.15, and the CAS NO. is 38585-74-9. It is an important intermediate for Ritonavir, and a kind of anti-AIDS pharmaceuticals.

Since the discovery of 5-Hydroxymethylthiazole can be used for synthesis of second-generation anti-AIDS drugs ritonavir (Ritonavir), scientists have done many studies on the synthesis method of 5-Hydroxymethylthiazole. But how to prepare it, in this Article, I will introduce 3 new approaches：

Approach one

In a reaction flask IOOml 250ml of ethanol, 15g (0. Imol) 2_ chloro-5 - (hydroxymethyl) thiazole and 13. 5g (0. 20mol) zinc powder, the above mixture was heated to 50 C , then slowly add 150ml hydrochloric acid (2N), at a temperature of 70 C for 2 hours detected by TLC or HPLC, until the starting material disappeared, the reaction was stopped and the reaction solution was filtered, concentrated and neutralized with sodium hydroxide to PH of 10, and then extracted with ethyl acetate to give crude product, the final crude solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, collecting 115 ~ 122 C (24mmHg) the distillate, 8. 5g 5 - (hydroxymethyl) thiazole. The determination of the purity% 99. 3% (HPLC), the yield was 74%.

Approach two

In a reaction flask IOOml 250ml of ethanol, 45g (0. 3mol) 2_ chloro-5 - (hydroxymethyl) thiazole and 33g (0. 5mol) zinc powder, and then added slowly 75ml hydrochloric acid (6N), the temperature of 60 C for 2 hours, by TLC or HPLC detection, until the starting material disappeared, the reaction was stopped and the reaction solution was filtered, concentrated and neutralized with sodium hydroxide to a PH of 10, and then extracted with ethyl acetate and to give the crude product, the final crude solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, collecting 115 ~ 1220C (24mmHg) the distillate, 25g 5 - (hydroxymethyl) thiazole. The purity was determined 99. 5% (HPLC), the yield was 72%.

Approach three

2–Chloro-5-hydroxymethylthiazole hydrochloride(3.72 g 0.02 mole) was dissolved in methanol (30 mL) and charged into a Parr shaker. To this solution was charged sodium carbonate( 2.12 g 0.02 mole) and 10 palladium on carbon (0.9 g). The system was heated (60 C) under 50 psi (3.40 atm) of hydrogen gas and agitated for 18 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC or GC and allowed to proceed for an additional 5 hours after completion. The reaction mixture was cooled and the contents filtered through a bed of diatomaceous earth. The filtrate was then concentrated under reduced pressure (38 C) and the residue was taken up in methyl t butyl ether (100 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate (10 g). The dried solution was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure (38 C) to provide 5-hydroxymethylthiazole as a slightly colored oil Yield 

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Something important about Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium is one kind of yellow powder. The the IUPAC name of this chemical is palladium; triphenylphosphane. Besides, Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium belongs to straight chain compounds; Metal Compounds; blocks; pharmacetical; Catalysts-Ligands; Catalysts for Organic Synthesis; Classes of Metal Compounds; Homogeneous Catalysts; Metal Complexes; Pd (Palladium) Compounds; Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Transition Metal Compounds; Fine Chemical Catalysts; metal-phosphine complexes. 

In addition, Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium is insoluble in water. The compound is sensitive to air, but can be purified by washing with methanol to give the desired yellow powder.  The CAS NO is 14221-01-3. It is usually stored cold under argon.

The structure and properties: 

The four phosphorus atoms are at the corners of a tetrahedron surrounding the palladium(0) center. This structure is typical for four-coordinate 18e complexes. The corresponding complexes Ni(PPh3)4 and Pt(PPh3)4 are also well known. Such complexes reversibly dissociate PPh3 ligands in solution, so reactions attributed to Pd(PPh3)4 often in fact arise from Pd(PPh3)3 or even Pd(PPh3)2.

The mainly usages:

Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium is widely used as a catalyst for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. Prominent applications include the Heck reaction, Suzuki coupling, Stille coupling, Sonogashira coupling, and Negishi coupling. These processes begin with two successive ligand dissociations followed by the oxidative addition of an aryl halide to the Pd center:
Pd(PPh3)4 + ArBr → PdBr(Ar)(PPh3)2 + 2 PPh3

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):

Ingestion: If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls, milk or water. Do not give anything to eat, a person in a coma. Get medical attention immediately.
Inhalation: Get medical attention immediately. Immediately from the scene to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.
Skin: Get medical attention immediately. At least 15 minutes, but with plenty of soap and water to wash the skin, remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Eyes: Flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, rinse eyes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical attention immediately.

Handling and storage:

Storage: Store Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium in a refrigerator (about 4 degree). Keep container tightly closed. Protected storage of light and air. Stored under argon. Store in a cool, dry place, away from incompatible substances.

Treatment: Wash thoroughly after handling Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium. Only in well-ventilated places. Minimize dust generation and accumulation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Avoid ingestion and inhalation. Stored protected from light. Stored protected from air. Under argon use and storage.


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Let’s learn something about D(-)-Salicin

D(-)-Salicin is an anti-inflammatory agent that is produced from willow bark.It is also found in castoreum, which was used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. The activity of castoreum has been credited to the accumulation of this chemical from willow trees in the beaver's diet, which is transformed to it and has an action very similar to aspirin.

Firstly, let me show you how the D(-)-Salicin works as Aspirin:

In trying to determine why D(-)-Salicin(CAS NO:138-52-3) was so effective for pain relief and reducing inflammation, pharmacists and chemists experimented with various compounds and willow bark derivatives. In 1853, a French chemist named Charles Gerhardt, attempting to make it more user-friendly, buffered it with sodium and came up with it. He had no desire to market the palatable end product and abandoned his research. It was not until 1899 that a chemist working for the German firm Bayer rediscovered Gerhardt's work, refined it and convinced his company to market it. Bayer subsequently obtained a patent on a pain reliever they called "aspirin."

Then, the other usages of D(-)-Salicin:

While originally used in a variety of pain medications, D(-)-Salicin today is more commonly used to treat skin ailments like acne, psoriasis, calluses, dandruff and warts. It speeds up the process by which the skin sheds cells, keeping pores from clogging and allowing new cells to grow. It is also used in compounds for such diverse products as sunburn cream and to make salicylanilide, which is used as a fungicide to prevent mildew. The unrefined acid is used in large amounts to make certain types of dyes. It is also the chief element in synthetic oil of wintergreen.

At last, let’s talk about the caution of D(-)-Salicin:

Many acne treatments are based on D(-)-Salicin and have been proven to be effective. They come in lotions, creams, gels and treated pads. However, sufferers should pick one remedy and not apply both pads and gels, for instance, as it has a pronounced drying effect on the skin. This could lead to other problems while not making the acne go away any faster. And, even with the buffering effect of compounds used to make it more digestible, many people are still quite sensitive to its effects.

D(-)-Salicin in blood thinning, lowering production of two enzymes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes, which reduces inflammation and the potential of platelets to stick to one another, by acting as a natural oil cleanser to wipe up the sticky and greasy layer on platelet surfaces, lessening risk of blood clots, heart attacks and strokes. In addition, salicylates reduce additional tissue damage after coronary artery disease or heart attacks, as the blood thinner properties allow for better bloodflow through clogged arteries, while possibly reducing risk of cancer as angiogenesis of cancerous cells is associated with chronic inflammation.

Mild side effects are standard, with rare occurrences of nausea, vomiting, rash, dizziness and breathing problems. Overdose from high quantities of D(-)-Salicin can be toxic, damaging kidneys, stomach causing ulcers, diarrhea, bleeding or digestive discomfort. Some people may be allergic, or sensitive to salicylates, similar to reactions to aspirin. Others that are advised against taking D(-)-Salicin are those with asthma, diabetes, gout, gastritis, hemophilia, stomach ulcers, children under 16, pregnant and breastfeeding women.

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Sodium hydrosulfide is a potential chemical

Sodium Hydrosulfite, also know as Sodium Dithionite had been developed at the beginning of the 20th century and was first applied for textile printing. Due to structural change in the textile industry, the importance of the application for the bleaching of wood pulp in the paper industry increased continuously. For these applications, BrüggemannChemical offers the products Sodium Hydrosulfite S, N and F.

Sodium Hydrosulfite(CAS NO:16721-80-5)is a colorless needle-like crystal, easy to be deliquesced, it will decomposed and release hydrogen disulfide at its melting point, soluble in water and alcohols, its water solution is strongly alkaline, it will generate hydrogen disulfide when reacting with acids. The industrial good is solution, orange or yellow, bitter taste.

Thousands of tons of NaHS are produced annually. Its main uses are in paper manufacture as a makeup chemical for sulfur used in the Kraft process, as a flotation agent in copper mining where it is used to activate oxide mineral species, and in the leather industry for the removal of hair from hides.

As strong and reactive reducing agents, selected types of Sodium Hydrosulfite are also used in special applications for instance in the reduction of heavy metals such as chromium, manganese, molybdenum or tungsten in waste water. For this application we offer the product Sodium Hydrosulfite S.

Sodium Hydrosulfite, is the only industrially important salt of dithionous acid (H2S2O4), which has not been isolated. The importance of sodium dithionite lies in its power full reducing capacity, which allows, for example, vat dyes to be reduced at room temperature. It is also used as a bleaching agent, mainly in the textile and paper industries but also in the leather, food and kaolin clay industries.

The ease of solubility makes this chemical a highly useful reducing agent in dyeing industry. As compared to other water insoluble chemicals, sodium dithionate is also known to eliminate any residual oxide, unattended pigments as well as excess dye, thus improving the overall quality of the product. Sodium Hydrosulfite also finds application in biological sciences as it is used a reagent to lower the redox potential of chemical reactions being carried out in the laboratories.

Although, not that commonly, but it is also used as a developing agent in photography industry. Because of its ability to enhance the solubility of metal ions, it is also used as a chelating agent in metal extractions. Sodium Hydrosulfite is used as chemical agent for environmental improvement, water treatment and gas purification processes. It is also used in the production of commercial bleach, used for the treatment of leather, cotton, wool, paper pulp and chrome tanning.

So, now we know what all roles that this versatile chemical can play in its various forms (solid and solution forms). Looking at the above mentioned facts it won’t be wrong to say that sodium hydrosulfite has emerged as a chemical work-horse for multifarious industrial purposes and will continue to function as the same in the times to come as well.

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What should be careful while taking Tacrolimus?

Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is mainly used after allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system and so lower the risk of organ rejection. It is also used in a topical preparation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, severe refractory uveitis after bone marrow transplants, exacerbations of minimal change disease, and the skin condition vitiligo.

Tacrolimus(CAS NO: 104987-11-3) is a 23-membered macrolide lactone discovered in 1984 from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. It reduces interleukin-2 (IL-2) production by T-cells.

What is Tacrolimus used for?

Short-term treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in certain patients.Tacrolimus ointment is a topical immunosuppressant. How it works is not completely understood. It is thought to decrease the cell activity that causes atopic dermatitis.

Do NOT use tacrolimus if you have fellowing Symptoms:

You are allergic to any ingredient in tacrolimus ointment.
You are receiving any form of light therapy (eg, ultraviolet light therapy) on your skin.
You have a skin infection (eg, chickenpox, herpes, shingles) at the application site, certain skin problems (eg, a precancerous skin condition, skin cancer, Netherton syndrome), or a weakened immune system

What are the possible side effects of tacrolimus?

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as: fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms, sores in your mouth and throat; pale skin, feeling light-headed or short of breath, rapid heart rate, trouble concentrating; pain in the lower back or side, blood in your urine, pain or burning when you urinate; urinating less than usual or not at all; dry cough.

What are the precautions when taking tacrolimus (Prograf)?

Before taking tacrolimus, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to other macrolide medications (e.g., sirolimus, erythromycin); or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

Before using Tacrolimus, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: mineral imbalances (e.g., high potassium), kidney disease, any recent/current infections, cancer, liver disease, high blood pressure, diabetes.

Tacrolimus may cause a condition that affects the heart rhythm (QT prolongation). QT prolongation can infrequently result in serious (rarely fatal) fast/irregular heartbeat and other symptoms.

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Health hazard of Sodium fluorosilicate

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION 

Acute Health Effects 
The following acute (short-term) health effects may occur immediately or shortly after exposure to Sodium Fluorosilicate: 
It can irritate the skin causing a rash or burning feeling on contact. It can irritate the eyes on contact. Breathing Sodium Fluorosilicate(CAS NO.:16893-85-9) can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing,wheezing and/or shortness of breath. High exposure to this chemical can cause a salty or soapy taste in the mouth, nausea,vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea, muscle weakness, tremors, loss of consciousness, convulsions and death. 

Chronic Health Effects 
The following chronic (long-term) health effects can occur at some time after exposure to this chemical and can last for months or years: 

Cancer Hazard 
According to the information presently available to the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Sodium Fluorosilicate has not been tested for its ability to cause cancer in animals. 

Reproductive Hazard 
According to the information presently available to the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, this chemical has not been tested for its ability to affect reproduction. 

Other Long-Term Effects 
this chemical can irritate the lungs. Repeated exposure may cause bronchitis to develop with cough, phlegm, and/or shortness of breath. Repeated high exposure can cause deposits of Fluorides in the bones and teeth, a condition called “Fluorosis.” This can cause pain, disability and mottling of the teeth. 


WORKPLACE CONTROLS AND PRACTICES 

Unless a less toxic chemical can be substituted for a hazardous substance, ENGINEERING CONTROLS are the most effective way of reducing exposure. The best protection is to enclose operations and/or provide local exhaust ventilation at the site of chemical release. Isolating operations can also reduce exposure. Using respirators or protective equipment is less effective than the controls mentioned above, but is sometimes necessary. 


In evaluating the controls present in your workplace, consider: 
(1) how hazardous the substance is, (2) how much of the substance is released into the workplace and (3) whether harmful skin or eye contact could occur. Special controls should be in place for highly toxic chemicals or when significant skin, eye, or breathing exposures are possible. 

In addition, the following control is recommended: 
Where possible, automatically transfer Sodium Fluorosilicate from drums or other storage containers to process containers. 

Good WORK PRACTICES can help to reduce hazardous exposures. The following work practices are recommended: 
Workers whose clothing has been contaminated by Sodium Fluorosilicate should change into clean clothing promptly. Do not take contaminated work clothes home. Family members could be exposed. Contaminated work clothes should be laundered by individuals who have been informed of the hazards of exposure to this chemical. Eye wash fountains should be provided in the immediate work area for emergency use. If there is the possibility of skin exposure, emergency shower facilities should be provided. 

On skin contact with Sodium Fluorosilicate, immediately wash or shower to remove the chemical. At the end of the workshift, wash any areas of the body that may have contacted this chemical, whether or not known skin contact has occurred. 

Do not eat, smoke, or drink where Sodium Fluorosilicate is handled, processed, or stored, since the chemical can be swallowed. Wash hands carefully before eating, drinking, smoking, or using the toilet. Use a vacuum or a wet method to reduce dust during clean-up. DO NOT DRY SWEEP. 


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Do you know the ingredients of shampoo

Before you wash your hair take a look at the ingredients on the bottle. Although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires all manufacturers to list the ingredients on retail products, the label might be difficult to understand because it reads like a vocabulary list from a chemistry book. Many of the ingredients not only help rid the hair of dirt and oils, but they also have harmful side effects.

Diethanolamine(CAS NO.:111-42-2)

Diethanolamine is a chemical that produces the bubbles or lather in shampoo. When inhaled Diethanolamine can irritate the nose and throat, and exposure can irritate skin. Although there is little research regarding the effects of long term exposure to Diethanolamine, in animal studies it has been shown to increase the risk of liver and kidney tumors in mice. In addition, the Cancer Prevention Coalition suggests that Diethanolamine reacts with other chemicals in shampoo to produce a carcinogen called nitrosodiethanolamine, which is linked to stomach, liver, esophageal and bladder cancers.

Formaldehyde and 1,4-Dioxane

A report from the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics reveals that many popular products for babies and children, including shampoo, contain formaldehyde and 1,4-dioxane, both of which are proven to cause cancer in animals. The Environmental Protection Agency lists both of these ingredients as probable cancer-causing agents among humans. Formaldehyde can also cause skin rashes in children.

Preservatives in products gradually release formaldehyde, and 1,4-dioxane results from a processing technique. Because these substances are contaminants, not ingredients, manufacturers are not required to list them on the product labels.

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

A detergentlike ingredient in shampoos to help remove dirt, sodium lauryl sulfate is not only a skin irritant, but it can damage hair follicles causing thinning or hair loss. SLS is readily absorbed by skin, and in young children it can interfere with eye development. This ingredient is a strong corrosive that also is used in products designed to clean concrete floors and greasy engines.The U.S. Environmental Protective Agency indicates that SLS is used in flea and tick repellent for cats and dogs.

Propylene Glycol

Propylene glycol, an ingredient in industrial antifreeze, may also be an ingredient used in shampoo to prevent it from drying. It has been reported to cause rashes and other skin damage.

Petrolatum

This chemical is known by several other names such as mineral oil jelly, liquid Vaseline and paraffinum. It is one of the main ingredients in baby oil and body lotion. Petrolatum is a chemical that causes photosensitivity. It can cause the extraction of natural oils contained in the skin and bring about chapping and dryness. It is also known to cause premature aging. It is also known to block the removal of harmful chemicals from the skin, thus causing acne and other skin problems

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You should learn more about D(-)-Salicin

White willow bark is the original source of D(-)-Salicin, a weaker forerunner of aspirin. Through the ages, long before the discovery of its constituent D(-)-Salicin, white willow bark was used to combat many painful conditions, including rheumatism, headache, neuralgia, arthritis, gout, and angina.

D(-)-Salicin (C13H18O7) is an alcoholic beta-glycoside which contains D-glucose. It is an anti-inflammatory which is produced from all willow barks.D(-)-Salicin(CAS NO.:138-52-3) is closely related chemically to aspirin and has a very similar action in the human body. 

When consumed, D(-)-Salicin is metabolized to salicylic acid. When ingested, D(-)-Salicin (the active glycoside in white willow) is converted into salicylic acid. (This compound has been synthesized into acetylsalicylic acid, otherwise known as aspirin.) Salicylic acid is believed to be the consitutent responsible for mediating white willows analgesic (pain relieving) effects. 

D(-)-Salicin may be used by some people that are limited to, or prefer, natural medicinal sources, as an anti-inflammatory, headache or pain relief, easing symptoms of arthritis, acne, psoriasis and warts. For reasons of safety, lower risk of side effects, and negative interaction with prescriptions such as gastrointestinal pain from ibuprofen and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We summary the main usages of D(-)-Salicin are in fellowing:
Analgesic (pain relieving) effect. 
Antiinflammatory and Control arthritis discomforts. 
Cosmetic Application. 
Antimicrobial activity against P. acnes makes it a good candidate for skin cleansing products. 
Herbal Aspirin.

D(-)-Salicin in small amounts is found in some foods, including berries, olives, mushrooms, nuts, almonds, seeds, raisins, tomatoes, radish, chicory, green pepper, alfalfa, broccoli, spinach, sweet potato, along with some spices such as curcuma, curry, turmeric, cumin, thyme, oregano, rosemary and mustard. Higher amounts are found in some herbs such as meadowsweet, wintergreen, especially wintergreen oil, poplar tree, sweet and white birch.

Salicylates aid in blood thinning, lowering production of two enzymes, prostaglandins and thromboxanes, which reduces inflammation and the potential of platelets to stick to one another, by acting as a natural oil cleanser to wipe up the sticky and greasy layer on platelet surfaces, lessening risk of blood clots, heart attacks and strokes. In addition, salicylates reduce additional tissue damage after coronary artery disease or heart attacks, as the blood thinner properties allow for better bloodflow through clogged arteries, while possibly reducing risk of cancer as angiogenesis of cancerous cells is associated with chronic inflammation.

Mild side effects are standard, with rare occurrences of nausea, vomiting, rash, dizziness and breathing problems. Overdose from high quantities of D(-)-Salicin can be toxic, damaging kidneys, stomach causing ulcers, diarrhea, bleeding or digestive discomfort. Some people may be allergic, or sensitive to salicylates, similar to reactions to aspirin. Others that are advised against taking D(-)-Salicin are those with asthma, diabetes, gout, gastritis, hemophilia, stomach ulcers, children under 16, pregnant and breastfeeding women.

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Potential health effects of sodium hydrosulfide

Sodium hydrosulfide is the chemical compound with the formula NaHS. This compound is the product of the half neutralization of hydrogen sulfide with sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydrosulfide is a useful reagent for the synthesis of organic and inorganic sulfur compounds, sometimes as a solid reagent, and more often as an aqueous solution.Solid NaHS is colorless and typically smells like H2S due to hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture. 

Alternatively, in place of Sodium hydrosulfide(CAS NO.:16721-80-5), H2S can be treated with an organic amine to generate an ammonium salt. Solutions of HS- are sensitive to oxygen, converting mainly to polysulfides, indicated by the appearance of yellow.

Sodium hydrosulfide is white, in the liquid state - black. It melts without decomposition, on further heating decomposes. Readily soluble in cold water (hydrolysis on the anion). Decomposed in the boiling solution. Neutralized by the alkali (as opposed to NH4HS). Attaches sulfur. A typical reducing agent, is oxidized by atmospheric oxygen.

Sodium Hydrosulfide is a solid consisting of colorless needles to lemon-yellow flakes. Sodium Hydrosulfide releases hydrogen sulfide in contact with moisture in the air, which smells like rotten eggs. The odor cannot be relied upon as a warning property as hydrogen sulfide paralyzes the sense of smell above 100 ppm. Harmful or fatal if swallowed. Corrosive to skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Can cause permanent damage to eyes. Although this material does not readily ignite, it is combustible and can ignite if subjected to very high temperatures. Avoid contact with paper, wood or other combustible materials. Fine dust or powder may form explosive mixtures in air. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic vapors of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. Avoid contact with moisture and acids. Firefighters should use full protective equipment and clothing. 

Potential Health Effects: Eyes 
Sodium Hydrosulfide is corrosive. Eye contact may cause severe irritation, pain, redness, blurred vision or burns which are slow to heal. Burns may result in blindness. Due to release of hydrogen sulfide upon contact with water, low level eye exposure (less than 10 ppm hydrogen sulfide) may cause scratchiness, inflammation, irritation. Higher concentrations (50 ppm hydrogen sulfide) can cause intense tearing, blurring of vision, extreme sensitivity to light, and rings around light. These symptoms normally disappear when exposure ends, but severe eye exposure to hydrogen sulfide can cause permanent damage to eye tissue. 

Potential Health Effects: Skin 
Sodium Hydrosulfide is corrosive. Depending on the duration of skin contact, skin overexposures may cause irritation or chemical burns resulting in blistering of skin and possible scarring. Repeated skin overexposures can result in dermatitis. 

Potential Health Effects: Ingestion 
Harmful or fatal if swallowed. Corrosive. Ingestion of Sodium Hydrosulfide can cause burns to lips, tongue, throat and stomach, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Sodium Hydrosulfide can react with acid in the stomach to release hydrogen sulfide. Effects would be as described under “inhalation”.

Potential Health Effects: Inhalation 
May irritate the nose, throat and respiratory tract. Symptoms can include sore throat, coughing and shortness of breath. Inhalation of high concentrations, or prolonged inhalation can lead to a build-up of fluid in lungs (pulmonary edema), which can be fatal. Can react with moisture in the air to form toxic hydrogen sulfide. Low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (50 ppm) can result in dryness and irritation of nose and throat, runny nose, cough, and shortness of breath. Higher concentrations (200-500 ppm) cause severe irritation as well as headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Extremely high concentration of hydrogen sulfide (500 ppm) can cause rapid unconsciousness and death. Severe exposures to hydrogen sulfide that do not lead to death may result in memory loss, paralysis of facial muscles or nerve damage.

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How to used Colistin sulfate safety

Colistin sulfate is a polymyxin antibiotic produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. Colistin sulfateus. It is a mixture of cyclic polypeptides Colistin sulfate A and B. Colistin sulfate is effective against most Gram-negative bacilli and is used as a polypeptide antibiotic.

Colistin sulfate is a decades-old drug that fell out of favor due to its nephrotoxicity. It remains one of the last-resort antibiotics for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae have also shown susceptibility to this medicine.

Colistin sulfate(CAS NO.: 1264-72-8) is polycationic and has both hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties. These poly-cationic regions interact with the bacterial outer membrane, by displacing bacterial counter ions in the lipopolysaccharide. Hydrophobic/hydrophillic regions interact with the cytoplasmic membrane just like a detergent, solubilizing the membrane in an aqueous environment. This effect is bactericidal even in an isosmolaric environment.

Colistin sulfate is used to treat certain stomach, bowel and digestive tract infections. Here are some information about how to use this medicine in right way. 

Take Colistin sulfate by mouth as directed. It may be taken with food if stomach upset occurs. Shake well before pouring each dose. For best results, take each dose at evenly spaced intervals around the clock. This will ensure a constant level of medication in your blood. Take this medication for the full time prescribed. Stopping therapy too soon may result in a reinfection.

Nausea or loss of appetite may occur especially the first several days as your body adjusts to Colistin sulfate. If these effects continue or become bothersome, inform your doctor. Notify your doctor if you develop: skin rash, dark urine. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

Tell your doctor if you have any pre-existing conditions, such as: kidney disease, any allergies. Colistin sulfate should be used only if clearly needed during pregnancy. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. It is not known if this medication appears in breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Tell your doctor of any over-the-counter or prescription medication you may take. Do not start or stop any medicine without doctor or pharmacist approval. Laboratory tests may be done while taking this medication to monitor therapy.

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as remembered; do not take it if it is near the time for the next dose, instead, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not "double-up" the dose to catch up.

Store Colistin sulfate solution in the refrigerator. Shake well before using. Discard any unused medication after 14 days as noted on the bottle.

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Accelerator (DM) and Accelerator disulfide (MBTS)

1.Properties 

Accelerator (DM) is a white or light yellow powder with slight bitter taste, Density 1.45-1.54, soluble in chloroform, partly soluble in benzene, ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, insoluble in gasoline, water and ethyl ethanol, and stable under storing conditions. The CAS NO. is 120-78-5.

2.Application

Accelerator (DM) has medium curing rate in NR and SR; suitable for most general rubbers; Used as plasticizer and delay agent in chloroprene rubber. It is usually used together with secondary accelerator in the synthesis of polymers; has better scorch safety than MBT.

3.Biomedical Effects and Toxicity

To determine the metabolic disposition of Accelerator (DM) and Accelerator disulfide (MBTS) male and female rats were dosed topically. Topical doses were 36.1 ug/animal for Accelerator disulfide (MBTS) and 33.6 ug/animal for Accelerator (DM) . 

Although more Accelerator disulfide (MBTS) passed through the skin than Accelerator (DM)and although relative to rats, guinea pigs absorbed a greater percentage of the dose (33.4% compared to 16.1-17.5% of the MBTS and 12.2% compared to 5.94-7.87% for DM) the disposition of radioactivity derived from the two compounds was similar. Washing of the skin removed more of the radioactivity from guinea pigs than from rats. 

For both sexes of rats dosed iv with Accelerator disulfide (MBTS) 0.602 mg/kg) or Accelerator (DM)0.571 mg/kg) disposition of the compounds was similar. In 72 hr, 90.9-101% of the dose appeared in the urine and 3.79-15.1% in the feces. At this time a small portion of the administered radioactivity (1.52-1.96% of the dose) remained associated with erythrocytes. 

Oral dosing of rats for 14 days with unlabeled MBTS (0.510 mg/kg/day) prior to a single dose of  MBTS (0.503 mg/kg) or with unlabeled DM (0.521 mg/kg/day) prior to a single dose of DM(0.730 mg/kg). For both sexes disposition of the compounds was similar. At 96 hr after dosing a small portion of the administered radioactivity (1.20-1.69% of the dose) remained associated with erythrocytes most of which was bound to the membranes. 

For both compounds and sexes 60.8-101% of the radioactivity administered appeared in the urine and 3.46-9.99% in the feces in 96 hr. At the time only trace amounts of radioactivity remained in tissues other than blood. Of these tissues thyroid contained the highest concentration. In the urine there was a detectable DM or MBTS but there were two metabolites one of which was identified as a thioglucuronide derivative of Accelerator disulfide (MBTS). The other was possibly a sulfonic acid derivative of Accelerator disulfide (MBTS) . 

In conclusion there were similarities in absorption, distribution, and metabolism of Accelerator (DM) and Accelerator disulfide (MBTS) in rats and in guinea pigs, indicating that Accelerator (DM) was readily converted to Accelerator disulfide (MBTS).

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The danger of Bromoethane

Bromoethane, also known as ethyl bromide, is a chemical compound of the haloalkanes group. It is abbreviated by chemists as EtBr. This volatile compound has an ether-like odour.

In organic synthesis, Bromoethane is the synthetic equivalent of the ethyl carbocation (Et+) synthon. In reality, such a cation is not actually formed. For example, carboxylates salts are converted to ethyl esters, carbanions to ethylated derivatives, thiourea into ethylisothiouronium salts, and amines into ethylamines.

The preparation of Bromoethane(CAS NO.: 74-96-4) stands as a model for the synthesis of alkyl bromides in general. It is usually prepared by the addition of HBr to ethene: 
H2C=CH2 + HBr → H3C-CH2Br

Bromoethane is inexpensive and would rarely be prepared in the laboratory. A laboratory synthesis include the reacting ethanol with a mixture of hydrobromic and sulfuric acids. An alternate route involves refluxing ethanol with phosphorus and bromine; phosphorus tribromide is generated in situ.

Bromoethane is Dangerous! 

Bromoethane is an extremely flammable liquid. Water-reactive. Carcinogen. It causes respiratory tract irritation. Causes eye and skin irritation. Inhalation of a mist of this material may cause irritation of the lungs. May cause digestive tract irritation. May cause cancer in humans. May cause lung damage. May cause cardiac disturbances. May cause liver and kidney damage. Target Organs: Kidneys, heart, liver, lungs.

Potential Health Effects 

Eye:it causes eye irritation. 
Skin: Causes skin irritation. Exposure may cause irritation characterized by redness, dryness, and inflammation. 
Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May cause respiratory failure. May cause systemic toxic effects on the heart, liver, and kidneys. 
Inhalation: Causes respiratory tract irritation. Irritation may lead to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. May cause effects similar to those described for ingestion. Causes narcotic effects including headache, dizziness, weakness, unconsciousness, and possible death. 
Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause irritation. Chronic inhalation and ingestion
may cause effects similar to those of acute inhalation and ingestion. May cause cancer in humans. 
First Aid Measures

Eyes: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid immediately. 
Skin: Get medical aid. Immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. 
Ingestion: If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid immediately. 
Inhalation: Get medical aid immediately. Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. 
Notes to Physician: Treat symptomatically and supportively. 

Halocarbons in general are potentially dangerous alkylating agents. Bromides are better alkylating agents than chlorides, thus exposure to Bromoethane should be minimized. Bromoethane is classified by the State of California as carcinogenic and a reproductive toxin.

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MSDS of 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole

Chemical and physical properties:

Molecular Formula: C7H6N2S
Chemical Properties : yellow or white crystals
General Description : White to yellow crystals or cream colored powder. Slight odor.
Molecular Weight: 150.2
CAS Number: 583-39-1
Usage: 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole uses as an antidegradant, protecting rubber from oxidation. It is also used as an intermediate in the synthesis of Rabeprazole (R070500).

Synonyms of 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole: 

1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazole-2-thion;1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione;1,3-Dihydro-benzoimidazole-2-thione;1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylhydrosulfide;2,3-Dihydro-1H-benzimidazole-2-thiol;2-Benzimidazolethione;2-Benzimidazolinethione;2-benzimidazolinthion

Product Specifications: 

MP : 300-304 degree C(lit.)
Density : 1.42
Fp : >250 degree C
Storage temp. : Refrigerator, Under Inert Atmosphere
Water Solubility : <0.1 g/100 mL at 23.5degreeC
Merck : 14,1082
BRN : 119867
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
CAS DataBase Reference: 583-39-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole(583-39-1)
EPA Substance Registry System: 2H-Benzimidazole- 2-thione, 1,3-dihydro-(583-39-1)

Potential Health Effects about 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole

Eye: 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole can cause eye irritation. 
Skin: Causes skin irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. 
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation of the digestive tract. The toxicological properties of this substance have not been fully investigated. 
Inhalation: Harmful if inhaled. Causes respiratory tract irritation. 
Chronic: No information found

First Aid Measures about 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole

Eyes: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid. 
Skin: Get medical aid. Flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. 
Ingestion: Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical aid. Do NOT induce vomiting. If conscious and alert, rinse mouth and drink 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Wash mouth out with water. 
Inhalation: Remove from exposure and move to fresh air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical aid. Do NOT use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 
Notes to Physician: Treat symptomatically and supportively. 



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Risks of Veratraldehyde

Veratraldehyde is an organic compound that is widely used as a flavorant and odorant. The compound is structurally related to benzaldehyde. This compound is popular commercially because of its pleasant woody fragrance. It is derivative of vanillin, from which it is prepared by methylation. The Molecular Formula is C9H10O3, Molecular Weight is 166.18, and the CAS Registry Number is 120-14-9.

First aid measures of Veratraldehyde

General advice: Consult a physician. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
If inhaled: If breathed inVeratraldehyde, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact: Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact: Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
If swallowed:Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a physician.

Firefighting measures of Veratraldehyde

Extinguishing media

Suitable extinguishing media：Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture：Carbon oxides
Advice for firefighters：Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Veratraldehyde exposure controls

Appropriate engineering controls
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Personal protective equipment

Eye/face protection
Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166 Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection
Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands. The selected protective gloves have to satisfy the specifications of EU Directive 89/686/EEC and the standard EN 374 derived from it.

Body Protection
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection
For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator.For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU)

Handing and storage of Veratraldehyde

Precautions for safe handling
Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.Normal measures for preventive fire protection.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Store Veratraldehyde in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Keep container closed when not in use. Store Veratraldehyde in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.

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How to evaluate Diethanolamine?

Diethanolamine, often abbreviated as DEA or DEOA, is an organic compound with the formula HN(CH2CH2OH)2. Pure diethanolamine is a white solid at room temperature, but its tendency to absorb water and to supercool mean it is often encountered as a colorless, viscous liquid. It is polyfunctional, being a secondary amine and a diol. Like other organic amines, diethanolamine acts as a weak base. Reflecting the hydrophilic character of the alcohol groups, DEA is soluble in water.  

Diethanolamine is a colorless powder or liquid with a slight ammonia-like odor. The odor threshold is 0.27 parts per million (ppm). The chemical formula is C4H11NO2, and the molecular weight is 105.1 g/mol. The vapor pressure is 0.577 mm Hg at 25 degree C, and it has a log octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) of -1.46. The CAS NO is 111-42-2.

Diethanolamine is used in cutting oils, soaps, shampoos, cleaners, polishers, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used as an intermediate in the rubber chemicals industry, as a humectant and softening agent, and as an emulsifier and dispersing agent in various agricultural chemicals. Some of the most commonly used diethanolamides include: Cocamide DEA, DEA-Cetyl Phosphate, DEA Oleth-3 Phosphate, Lauramide DEA, Myristamide DEA, Oleamide DEA.

Diethanolamine is used in a number of consumer products, such as shampoos, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Limited information is available on the health effects of this drug. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure to this drug in humans may result in irritation of the nose and throat, and dermal exposure may irritate the skin.  

No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of diethanolamine in humans. Animal studies have reported effects on the liver, kidney, blood, and central nervous system (CNS) from chronic oral exposure to diethanolamine. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) reported an increased incidence of liver and kidney tumors in mice from dermal exposure to this medicine. EPA has not classified diethanolamine for carcinogenicity.

Diethanolamine is a potential skin irritant in workers sensitized by exposure to water-based metalworking fluids. One study showed that DEA inhibits in baby mice the absorption of choline, which is necessary for brain development and maintenance; however, a study in humans determined that dermal treatment for 1 month with a commercially available skin lotion containing DEA resulted in DEA levels that were "far below those concentrations associated with perturbed brain development in the mouse". 

In a mouse study of chronic exposure to inhaled Diethanolamine at high concentrations (above 150 mg/m3), it was found to induce body and organ weight changes, clinical and histopathological changes, indicative of mild blood, liver, kidney and testicular systemic toxicity. A 2009 study found that Diethanolamine has potential acute, chronic and subchronic toxicity properties for aquatic species.

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L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- works on our brain

Chemical name: L-Glutamine,N-ethyl-
Synonyms: Glutamine,N-ethyl-, L- (6CI,7CI,8CI); Ng-Ethyl-L-glutamine; Suntheanine; Theanin; Theanine; L-Theanine
Molecular Weight: 174.19766 [g/mol]
Molecular Formula: C7H14N2O3
H-Bond Donor: 3
H-Bond Acceptor: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 5
Tautomer Count: 2
CAS NO.: 3081-61-6

L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- also gamma-glutamylethylamide or 5-N-ethyl-glutamine, is an amino acid and a glutamic acid analog primarily found in tea , and also in the basidiomycete mushroom Boletus badius and in guayusa. The L-enantiomer is the form which is found in tea and used as a supplement by humans.

L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- was discovered as a constituent of green tea in 1949 and was approved in Japan in 1964 for unlimited use in all foods, including chocolates, soft drinks, and herb teas, except infant foods. It also provides a unique umami (brothy or savory) taste and flavor to green tea infusion.

Arly studies of L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- involved much larger doses than are found in an everyday cup of tea. Researchers wonder whether drinking tea might have the same effects found in those studies. However, one recent study by Unilever found that smaller doses typical of those found in a cup of tea did induce changes in alpha waves as shown by EEG. Alpha waves occur in the brain and are associated with relaxation.

Able to cross the blood-brain barrier, L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- has psychoactive properties.L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- has been studied for its potential ability to reduce mental and physical stress, improve cognition, and boost mood and cognitive performance in a synergistic manner with caffeine.

While structurally related to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- only has weak affinity for the glutamate receptor on postsynaptic cells. Rather, its primary effect seems to increase the overall level of the brain inhibitory transmitter GABA. L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- also increases brain dopamine levels and has a low affinity for AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors. Its effect on serotonin is still a matter of debate in the scientific community, with studies showing increases and decreases in brain serotonin levels using similar experimental protocols. It has also been found that injecting spontaneously hypertensive mice with L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- significantly lowered levels of 5-hydroxyindoles in the brain. Researchers also speculate it may inhibit glutamic acid excitotoxicity. L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- also promotes alpha wave production in the brain.

Studies on test rats have shown even repeated, extremely high doses of L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- cause little to no harmful psychological or physical effects. L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- showed neuroprotective effects in one rat study.

A placebo-controlled trial has shown adding L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- to ongoing antipsychotic medication is helpful in reducing some symptoms of schizophrenia.Several beverage manufacturers are selling drinks containing L-Glutamine,N-ethyl- and are marketing them as drinks to help people focus and concentrate, while other manufacturers claim relaxing and tranquillizing properties.

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Sodium hydrosulfide instead of hydrogen sulfide

Sodium hydrosulfide is the chemical compound with the formula NaHS. It is the product of the half neutralization of hydrogen sulfide with sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydrosulfide is a useful reagent for the synthesis of organic and inorganic sulfur compounds, sometimes as a solid reagent, and more often as an aqueous solution. It is colorless and typically smells like H2S due to hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture. 

In contrast with sodium sulfide, Na2S, which is insoluble in organic solvents, NaHS, being a 1:1 electrolyte, is more soluble. Alternatively, in place of NaHS, H2S can be treated with an organic amine to generate an ammonium salt. Solutions of HS-are sensitive to oxygen, converting mainly to polysulfides, indicated by the appearance of yellow.

The sodium hydrosulfide(CAS NO.:16721-80-5) instead of hydrogen sulfide as the main raw material for production of sodium methyl mercaptide, as manufacturers of raw materials.

The environmental problems of sodium methyl mercaptide factories, especially the bad odor pollution damage to the environment, is sodium hydrosulfide manufacturers and sodium methyl mercaptide factory mainly face the problem. The hydrogen sulfide odor is a major source of odor pollution in the production process. Sodium hydrosulphide is raw material to produce hydrogen sulfide gas. Sodium hydrosulfide as main raw material, used in the production of sodium methyl mercaptide, is the main way of our country at present.Therefore, how to eliminate the production of sodium hydrosulfide production process the odor, become a key problem of manufacturers.

But the real use, sodium methyl mercaptide is our country and export of important basic chemical raw materials, it’s essential for other products. 

There are many local manufacturers boss, try various devices to hurry on the project soon, sodium hydrosulfide production caused by the improper disposal of hydrogen sulfide gas, causing adverse effects on the environment and human ecology. Now the authorities also to the project examination and approval, and harsh and hinder the project development.

Sodium hydrosulfide production sodium methyl mercaptide, is now the main production of domestic manufacturers. Domestic sodium hydrosulfide method manufacturers mainly concentrated in North China, such as Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Zibo is the main area of concentration manufacturers sodium hydrosulfide method. South China existing sodium methyl mercaptide production factory, manufacturers, but the south area of the product for the use of large dosage, application of high-grade stability and bridging agent main synthesis, then most exported abroad. Therefore,  sodium hydrosulfide method of sodium methyl mercaptide very broad market prospects.


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